Journal of Financial and Management Sciences
Indexed in Directory of Open Access Journals: https://doaj.org/toc/3078-512X ISSN: PRINT 3078-5111/ ONLINE: 3078-512X Crossref: DOI: 10.70970/ The Journal of Financial and Management Sciences (JFMS) is the University of Kigali's academic platform dedicated to advancing knowledge in finance, economics, and management-related disciplines. This milestone marks a significant step in the University’s commitment to fostering a research-driven academic culture and contributing to the global exchange of innovative ideas. The journal’s editorial board comprises distinguished academics and industry experts with extensive experience in finance, economics, and management from Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, India, Ireland, and the United States for America. This team ensures published articles’ quality, relevance, and academic rigour. Adopting a double-blind peer-review process, the JFMS maintains high ethical standards and impartiality, guaranteeing that contributions meet international research benchmarks.
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Exploring the Role of Green Building Technologies in Smart City Policies in South Africa
The rapid urbanisation of South African cities has intensified the demand for sustainable, efficient, and innovative urban development strategies. In response, smart city initiatives and green building technologies have increasingly been positioned as central components of national and municipal policy frameworks. This article explores the role of green building technologies within smart city policies in South Africa, with a specific focus on how these technologies are framed, integrated, and prioritised in policy discourse. Adopting a qualitative research design, the study employs a document analysis methodology to examine key national and municipal policy documents, including the National Development Plan (NDP 2030), the Integrated Urban Development Framework (IUDF), selected municipal Integrated Development Plans, and reports from the Green Building Council South Africa. Thematic content analysis is used to identify dominant policy narratives, areas of convergence, and existing gaps in the integration of green building technologies within smart city strategies. The findings reveal that while green building technologies are increasingly acknowledged as critical to sustainable urban development, their incorporation into smart city policies remains uneven and fragmented. Policy emphasis tends to prioritise digital infrastructure and economic competitiveness, often at the expense of comprehensive environmental sustainability and coordinated implementation mechanisms. The article contributes to the growing body of literature on smart cities and sustainable urban governance by providing a policy-focused analysis of the South African context. It further offers recommendations aimed at strengthening policy coherence, enhancing intergovernmental coordination, and mainstreaming green building technologies as integral components of smart city development. This study underscores the importance of aligning innovation-driven urban policies with sustainability objectives to advance resilient and inclusive cities in South Africa.
Smart cities, innovation, urban sustainability, green technologies & policy
Copyright (c) 2026 Wisani Gift Chauke, Sifiso (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Contribution of Liquidity Management on Financial Performance of Listed Commercial Banks in Rwanda
This study investigates the contribution of liquidity management to the financial performance of listed commercial banks in Rwanda. Key liquidity management indicators—Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), Deposit to Total Assets, Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR), and Capital Adequacy—were analyzed to determine their effect on profitability measured by Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). The results indicate that LDR has a significant and positive impact on profitability, while Deposit to Total Assets and LCR show mixed effects, positively influencing ROA but negatively affecting ROE. Capital Adequacy exhibits a dual effect, enhancing ROE while slightly reducing ROA, reflecting the trade-offs between regulatory compliance and operational profitability. Compared to prior studies, this research provides a comprehensive and integrated assessment of multiple liquidity indicators, offering a more nuanced understanding of their combined influence on bank performance in Rwanda. These findings suggest that adopting a balanced liquidity management strategy, which optimizes loan utilization while maintaining adequate reserves, can improve overall profitability and ensure sustainable financial stability, providing actionable guidance for bank managers and regulators
Copyright (c) 2026 KARINIJABO Robert (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing Small and Medium Enterprises’ Performance Through Digital Payments: Roles of Digital Payment Solutions in Ilorin-South Metropolis.
This study examines how digital payment adoption impacts Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Ilorin-South, Nigeria, addressing challenges like cash-related risks and payment delays. Using a quantitative survey of 234 SME owners (sampled via Taro Yamane’s formula), the research analyzed mobile banking, Smartcards, and Internet banking effects on SME performance, measured by revenue, customer base, and operational efficiency. Discriminant validity (KMO > 0.7) and reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha > 0.7) were confirmed. Regression analysis revealed Smartcards drove 69.4% performance, mobile banking 67%, and Internet banking 38.3%, with ANOVA confirming Smartcards’ superior impact (p < 0.05). Mobile banking’s efficiency and accessibility made it the most influential. The study recommends SME owners prioritize mobile banking and Smartcards, while financial institutions and government collaborate on tailored solutions (e.g., rural-focused subsidies) and financial literacy programs via mobile platforms. Findings underscore digital payments’ role in enhancing SME scalability and financial inclusion
Copyright (c) 2026 abdulakeem amuzat, Azeez Tunbosun Lawal Ph.D, Abdullateef Adisa Garba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Financial Technology and Performance of Deposit Money Banks in Sub Saharan Africa
The rapid evolution of financial technology is reshaping global banking, particularly in developing economies like Sub-Sahara Africa. Despite rising adoption of digital banking channels, such as Mobile banking, internet banking, and Mobile Money, Deposit Money Banks continue to experience uneven profitability, especially regarding interest -related income. This study investigates the impact of financial technology (FinTech) adoption on the performance of deposit money banks (DMBs) across twenty Sub-Saharan African countries from 2014 to 2023. Motivated by persistent concerns over low profitability indicators like Net Interest Margin (NIM) despite the widespread growth of digital banking tools, the study addresses gaps in existing literature that often rely on traditional metrics (ROA, ROE) and overlook the distinct roles of Net Interest Margin (NIM). Recognizing the need to account for country-level heterogeneity and macroeconomic volatility, the study applies the Random Effects panel regression model with robust standard errors. The empirical results reveal that internet banking (β=0.4253, p=0.000), mobile banking (β=0.1093, p=0.017), and mobile money (β=0.1413, p=0.000) have significant positive effects on NIM, suggesting these channels enhance banks’ income from core intermediation. Conversely, ATM usage (β=0.1099, p=0.527) and POS transactions (β=–0.0044, p=0.885) show insignificant effects. Inflation (β=–0.0048, p=0.006) has a significant negative effect, confirming its adverse impact on banks’ margins. The study concludes that FinTech tools particularly internet and mobile-based platforms substantially strengthen banks’ profitability by improving efficiency and market reach, whereas ATMs and POS remain less impactful. It recommends that banks deepen investments in mobile and internet banking technologies and that regulators enhance digital infrastructure, cybersecurity, and consumer protection frameworks to maximize FinTech’s benefits and mitigate inflationary pressures on bank performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Biliqees Ayoola ABDULMUMIN, Jamiu Olaniyi OMOTOSHO (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Financial Technology in the Transformation of Financial Services: Analysis of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Efficiency of Operating Expenses in Banking Companies
This study aims to analyze the role of financial technology and artificial intelligence (AI) in improving operational efficiency in banking companies. The main focus of this research is on how the application of AI can optimize operational processes, reduce costs, and improve the quality of financial services. This study presents an in-depth analysis based on existing literature as well as case studies on several financial institutions that have implemented this technology. The results show that Financial Technolgy and AI significantly improve the efficiency of banking processes, reduce reliance on human resources, and reduce operational costs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hasyim, Siti Nurrahmawati, Esty Pudyastuti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Real earnings management in Nigeria - The role of Board competence and Institutional ownership of industrial goods sector
Due to a number of accounting scandals and financial anomalies, users of accounting information are growing more concerned about the quality and dependability of the data in the financial statements of well-known corporations worldwide. This is evident from the multiple corporate accounting scandals that were publicized in the US, Europe, and Nigeria in particular. This study evaluates the effect of board competence, institutional ownership on earning management of listed industrial goods firms in Nigeria. The 13 listed industrial goods businesses that were a part of the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX) as of December 31, 2022, make up the study’s population, and all the thirteen firms was examined in the research. Panel regression was utilized to analyze the obtained data. The findings indicate that board competence has impact on the earnings management of Nigerian industrial goods enterprises. At the 5% significance level, these are represented as coefficients (3.59) with P-values (0.001). However, the P-value (0.361) and coefficient (15.94) show that institutional ownership offers no discernible impact on earnings management. The research came to the conclusion that actual earnings management was impacted by board competency. However, there is little proof that real earnings management was impacted by institutional ownership. The study's conclusion was that Nigerian industrial products businesses ought to have additional independent directors with financial experience on their boards.
Board competence, Institutional ownership, Earnings management, Accruals
Copyright (c) 2025 Segun Abogun, Jelilat Usman , Ezekiel Adigbole, Kasum Abubakar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of the HPO Framework on Employee Service Behaviour in Public Universities: Psychological capital as a mediator
Purpose- The purpose of the study was to establish the mediating effect of psychological capital in the relationship between the high performance organisation(HPO) framework and service behaviour and to establish the relationship between the HPO framework, psychological capital, and service behaviour in public institutions in Uganda. A multi-theoretical approach was utilised to explain a successful living practice. Design/Methodology/approach- This study utilized a cross-sectional and quantitative approach, collecting data through a questionnaire survey from a sample of employees of public universities. The collected data was analysed to identify patterns and relationships using correlations and regression. Findings- The findings demonstrated that the HPO framework (management quality, workforce quality, openness and action orientation, long-term orientation and continuous improvement and renewal) influence the service behavior of employees in education institutions in Uganda. The results also suggest that psychological capital is a critical component of service behaviours. Practical/Managerial implications- The public universities endeavor to utilise the HPO framework to create strategies for sustainable solutions, such as creating new ecologically and socially responsible products and services and improving current ones to improve on their service behavior. Originality/ value- This research advances knowledge about the HPO framework by revealing if all aspects of the psychological capital are significantly related to the service behaviors of employees in public Universities in Uganda.
HPO framework, psychological capital, service behaviors. public Universities, Uganda.
Copyright (c) 2025 Prof Bagorogoza, Immaculate, Lucy Lakot (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diffusion of Innovation vs. Dependence Theory: FinTech Inclusion in the AfCFTA Era
The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) aspires to accelerate digital financial integration across Africa, yet the diffusion of FinTech innovations shows uneven patterns shaped by deep-seated power structures. This study examines how FinTech adoption is spreading in AfCFTA member states and how structural dependencies influence this process, through the dual lenses of Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory and Dependency Theory. We employ a convergent mixed-methods approach, combining case studies of Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, and Egypt with quantitative analyses of open datasets (e.g. GSMA, World Bank Findex) and qualitative discourse analysis of policies. Our findings reveal that while mobile money and digital finance are being rapidly adopted – reaching one-third of adults in Sub-Saharan Africa on average – the benefits remain uneven and often constrained by external dependencies (foreign investment, technology, and data infrastructure). DOI theory helps explain how local innovations and social networks drive FinTech inclusion (for example, Africa hosts 12 countries where mobile wallets now surpass bank accounts), whereas Dependency Theory exposes persistent asymmetries such as reliance on foreign tech giants and capital. We argue that achieving digital sovereignty under AfCFTA requires addressing these structural challenges. Key contributions include a novel conceptual model of innovation diffusion under dependency constraints and actionable recommendations for policymakers, industry, and development partners. Implications: Without strategic interventions, FinTech’s promise to foster financial inclusion and intra-African integration may be undermined by digital neo-colonialism. However, with coordinated AfCFTA frameworks, capacity building, and localized innovation, Africa can harness FinTech for equitable growth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sixbert SANGWA, Fabrice Dusengumuremyi, Sylvie Ndahimana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Contribution of Micro Finance Services on the Performance of Small Business Enterprises in Nyarugenge
This research sought to evaluate how microfinance services influence the financial performance of small businesses in Rwanda, specifically within Nyarugenge District. The study focused on examining the effects of loan services, savings schemes, microinsurance, and financial literacy on the success of these enterprises. From a total population of 283 individuals, a sample of 142 respondents was chosen to facilitate effective data collection. These participants included a range of stakeholders such as SME owners and managers, executive officials, and operators of businesses like wholesalers, pharmacies, bars and restaurants, beauty salons, stationery shops, and others. The study was based on three key theories: Microfinance Credit Theory, Credit Access Theory, and Financial Intermediation Theory. It employed a descriptive and correlational research design. Data were gathered through questionnaires, interviews, and document reviews. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized to analyze the data. The results revealed that microfinance services—such as credit access, savings options, microinsurance, and financial literacy programs—had a significant positive impact on the financial performance of small businesses in Nyarugenge District. Overall, the findings demonstrated that microfinance has substantially contributed to the growth and financial stability of these enterprises.
Microfinance, financial performance, of small businesses.
Copyright (c) 2025 Irebe Odile RUTAREMARA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Terms of Trade on Economic Development in Rwanda
This study examines the effect of terms of trade on the economic development of Rwanda. The research aims to address four key objectives and three control variables to examine the effect of the TOT on Rwanda’s economic development, following several estimating methods utilizing the Stata statistical package software, Descriptive statistics are employed in this study to evaluate the quantitatively secondary data collected on all study variables from Data spanning from 2000 to 2023 was sourced from the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR), the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). A time series analysis using econometric models such as multiple regression, the study employs a documentary data collection technique to gather the necessary information from reliable sources, ensuring a robust dataset for analysis using A regression model was applied to examine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, incorporating unit root and co-integration tests. The key finds shows that, the unit root test results indicate that some variables, such as Ln GDP, Ln pop, Ln trad log, and Ln inst, are stationary at level (I(0)), meaning they do not exhibit stochastic trends and can be used directly in regression models, while the exports, imports, trade balance, and foreign direct investment The variables are non-stationary at their levels but achieve stationarity after first differencing (I(1)), indicating the existence of stochastic trends. Lag selection using criteria like AIC, FPE, and LR tests identified lag 4 as the optimal lag length, which ensures the appropriate capture of dynamic relationships among variables while preventing overfitting. And we recommend that the Government of Rwanda and the policy maker to prioritize on improving trade logistics efficiency to facilitate smoother trade processes, reduce transaction costs, and enhance the competitiveness of exports. Fostering an efficient logistics sector is critical to addressing challenges related to trade facilitation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fred MUSINGUZI (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
International Conference on Green and Sustainable Development 2025 - Conference Proceedings
The International Conference on Green and Sustainable Development took place from March 9th 2025 to March 13th 2025 at Kigali Serena Hotel. It brought together leading academics, policymakers, industry experts, and advocates to discuss pressing environmental challenges and explore sustainable solutions. The Conference aimed at raising awareness on the following UN Sustainable Development Goals: Quality Education; Gender Equality; Decent work and Economic growth; Industry, Innovation and infrastructure; Climate Action; Partnership for the Goals. The conference featured research presentations, expert panel discussions, strategic dialogues, innovation showcases and workshops. These sessions addressed climate action, renewable energy, and sustainable economic policies to accelerate global sustainability efforts.
Social Equity and Sustainable Development
Sustainable Business, Management, and Economics
Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Systems
Emerging technology: Application of Artificial Intelligence, Internet of things and Robotics
Waste management and recycling innovations
Smart cities and green building technologies
Policy frameworks for sustainable development
International agreements and local implementation
Role of governments and NGOs in promoting sustainability
Gender and social inclusion in sustainable practices
Addressing inequality in access to resources
Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems
Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Ronald Kwena, Dr Lerato Mdaka (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing Blood Bank Operations - A centralized system for enhanced transfusion services in Rwanda's Healthcare
This study presents a unified blood bank management system designed to improve the efficiency and reliability of blood distribution services in Rwanda, with a focus on the Rwanda Biomedical Center (RBC). The system addresses key challenges, including inconsistent blood supply, inefficient inventory management, and irregular blood donation campaigns. One of the system’s key features is enabling voluntary blood donors, particularly those near district and referral hospitals, to donate regularly without relying on sporadic donation campaigns. The system makes it easier for donors to schedule appointments at their nearest hospital, eliminating the need for donors to wait for irregular blood donation campaigns or travel long distances. For individuals who may live or work far from donation sites, the system reduces barriers such as transportation costs, time constraints, and work-related permissions. With a presence in all 30 districts of Rwanda and four referral hospitals, the system allows each district to function as a user linked to its corresponding district hospital. The system provides real-time updates whenever blood is donated or used for transfusion, ensuring accurate tracking of blood availability. In case of shortages, the system facilitates inter-hospital blood transfer, ensuring that critical blood types are shared between hospitals as needed. Users can also request blood from other hospitals, and once a request is accepted, the system automatically triggers the blood transfer. Data analysis, conducted using SPSS, STATA, and R, demonstrates significant improvements in blood supply, transfusion safety, and operational efficiency. This unified system provides a scalable solution for optimizing blood management, benefiting Rwanda and other similar healthcare settings
Healthcare Management, centralized system, Blood Transfusion, Blood Bank, Rwanda’s Healthcare
Copyright (c) 2025 TUNEZERWE Emmanuel, Wilson Musoni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The economic Relations between the Balkan Countries and Rwanda (with a Focus on Bulgaria): Current Trends and Future Opportunities
This paper explores the economic relationship between Bulgaria and Rwanda within the broader context of Balkan interactions with Sub-Saharan Africa. It analyzes current trends and identifies potential growth opportunities through detailed statistical data on bilateral trade. Rwanda's Vision 2050 agenda, aimed at fostering economic transformation and sustainable development, aligns well with Bulgaria's strengths in technology, agriculture, and renewable energy, creating a conducive environment for meaningful collaboration. Despite the modest volume of bilateral trade, recent years have shown an upward trajectory, with Bulgaria emerging as a leading player among Balkan countries in trade with Rwanda. Insights from an in-depth interview with a Bulgarian entrepreneur developing a residential complex in Kigali highlight the challenges and opportunities faced by businesses in this evolving partnership. By examining key dimensions such as trade dynamics and potential sectors for collaboration, this paper aims to illustrate the prospects for robust economic cooperation that benefits both nations. Ultimately, through strategic initiatives and investment in knowledge exchange, Bulgaria and Rwanda can leverage their unique strengths to drive economic progress and foster regional stability in a changing global landscape.
Economic Collaboration, Trade Dynamics, Bulgaria-Rwanda Relations, Balkan-SSA Trade
Copyright (c) 2025 Prof Eduard Marinov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrating Social Inclusion into Hospitality Education: Curriculum Gaps, Policy Enforcement, and Challenges
Kenya has resorted to maximizing and developing its tourism and hospitality industries. While advancements and investment in tourism and hospitality are essential, a key challenge is inclusion and, most importantly, social inclusion in the industry. There are social inclusion efforts; however, more can be done in social inclusion through hospitality education. Integration of social inclusion in hospitality education. The hospitality curriculum and hospitality examination still require some improvement. The study assesses the role of education in promoting social inclusion in the hospitality sector. The study will assess and evaluate social inclusion in education in the following aspects: curriculum design, faculty preparedness, policy effectiveness, and stakeholder perceptions. The study was taken in the Lake Region across an analysis of 12 hospitality institutions using mixed-method approaches that combined stakeholder interviews alongside curriculum analysis. Initial findings revealed that out of the 12 institutions, only three of them implemented structured inclusion strategies. All 12 institutions included aspects of sustainable inclusion and environmental sustainability in their curriculum and teaching methodology, but only the three had a structure of social inclusion. The study assessed some challenges associated with social inclusion, including faculty preparedness, where many educators lack formal training in inclusive teaching methods. On top of the faculty preparedness are institutional challenges and institutional bottlenecks that would limit the effectiveness of attempts to adopt social inclusion policies. The coldest for the study were Educators, students, and employers. All three stakeholders had wide margins of their perception of social inclusion, with students perceiving their institutions as less inclusive than the faculty, administrators, and employers prioritizing workforce diversity over curriculum reforms. The study highlights that social inclusion has undeniable benefits. Some highlighted benefits of social inclusion include programs that support students' financial needs, well-structured student support systems, and industry collaborations. On the flip side, two strategies have depicted the need for restrategizing. These are Faculty Diversity Training and curriculum integration initiatives. The findings represent the need for curriculum reforms, targeted faculty development, policy enforcement mechanisms and stronger collaboration between hospitality education and the hospitality industry. By addressing the gaps, this research promotes a more inclusive and sustainable hospitality education framework, ensuring that future managers and graduates are fully prepared and empowered to foster diversity, equity, and inclusion in the hospitality industry.
Social Inclusion, Hospitality Education, Sustainability, Equity, Diversity
Copyright (c) 2025 Ouma Alando Isaac, Osimbo Oduor Godwins (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A model for enhancing franchisee effectiveness in the fast food industry
Franchising has become a popular strategy for firms pursuing internationalization. Owing to this, several businesses globally, are partnering with established brands in sectors such as manufacturing and retailing. In South Africa, the fast-food industry is experiencing exponential growth in the franchise business. For this reason, this study examined the effectiveness of franchisees in the fast-food industry in the City of Tshwane. While prior studies have examined success factors in South Africa’s fast food franchise industry in general, there remains scant literature on the specific determinants of franchisee effectiveness in the city of Tshwane. Furthermore, despite the rapid expansion of the fast food franchise sector in Tshwane, franchisee closures remain alarmingly high with almost 10% failing in the early business stages. As a result, a study of this nature has become paramount. An understanding of the factors that influence franchisee effectiveness has become necessary to facilitate decision-making priorities in this sector. Following an interpretivism paradigm, the study uses a qualitative methodology. A descriptive research design with structured interviews was selected to gather in-depth data from participants, enabling a comprehensive understanding of franchisee effectiveness. The research population includes 140 fast food franchise outlets in Tshwane, with a purposive non-probability sampling method used to select a sample of 10 participants. Each participant has been interviewed using a semi structured interview guide and digitally transcribed. Data analysis is conducted using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that operational efficiency, strong franchisor support and customer service are key drivers of franchisee success in Tshwane’s fast-food industry. Successful franchises excel in financial oversight, staff training and strategic marketing while financial constraints, high operational costs and poor cash flow management contribute to failures. Additionally, location and market accessibility play a crucial role in franchise sustainability. The primary contribution is the development of a Franchisee Effectiveness Model which offers a structured framework to enhance franchisee performance. The model will provide actionable insight for franchisors, franchisees and policymakers, guiding targeted interventions such as enhanced and targeted training programs and strengthening franchisor-franchisee collaboration and market specific strategies to reduce failure rates and ensure long term sustainability.
Franchise, effectiveness, fast-food, operational efficiency, franchisee-franchisor relationship
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr LISITA Inonge Theresa , JANTJIES Reneezsha Mascouleane2 (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Community-led conservation efforts in Zimbabwe
Community-led conservation is a strategy that involves local communities and indigenous people taking the lead in managing and protecting natural resources. This approach aims to ensure sustainable use of resources and preservation of biodiversity. The objectives of this paper are to make an assessment of the state of Community-Led Conservation (CLC) effort in Zimbabwe. This paper argues that community-led conservation efforts can have a positive impact on local communities by supporting traditional ways of life and building political support for protected areas if done properly. Community-led approaches put communities in charge, allowing them to make key decisions. This study conducts a comprehensive literature review anchored by Ghana’s Community Resource Management Areas Model (CREMA) to address the following issues: Role of community-led conservation, Reasons for supporting community-led conservation, Principles of community-led conservation, and Impact of Community-led conservation on biodiversity and ecosystem services. CREMA is a structured, democratic and legally supported approach to conservation that prioritizes community-led strategies. By integrating conservation practices into the daily lives of communities such as sustainable agriculture, responsible tourism, and habitat restoration, this model ensures that both humans and wildlife can thrive without compromising the delicate balance of ecosystems. This study utilise the interpretivist research philosophy and data were collected through focus group discussions with communities around three conservancies. Qualitative data was analyzed through thematic approach. The study found that CLC in Zimbabwe is in a state of paralysis, communities are no longer involved in conservation efforts and communities are no longer have buy-in in conservation. Human- wildlife conflict is increasing as new human settlements encroach into conservancies. This study recommends the resuscitation of CAMPIRE and the adoption of the CREMA model through collaboration with local stakeholders to build awareness and support for conservation efforts and encourage local communities to use land sustainably to reduce human-wildlife conflict and improve ecosystem health.
Community-led Conservation, Community Resource Management Model, Biodiversity, Ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2025 James Chitopo , Dr Masaire Rosemary Farayi , Marunda Edmond , Nikisi Dennis (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of Public-Private Partnerships in Enhancing Sustainable Agricultural Projects in Rwanda
This study examines the role of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in enhancing sustainable agricultural projects in Rwanda, using the Twigire Muhinzi initiative as a case study. Adopting a mixed-methods approach, the research combined both quantitative data from structured questionnaires and qualitative data from key informant interviews. The study found that PPPs significantly contributed to the provision of agricultural inputs, capacity building, and the establishment of market linkages. However, challenges such as limited coordination, inadequate funding, and policy constraints hinder the full potential of PPPs. The study recommends improved coordination among stakeholders, increased financial investment, and policy reforms to enhance PPP effectiveness in agriculture.
Sustainable Agriculture, Public private partnership, projects, Rwanda, climate change
Copyright (c) 2025 Moussa Senge Kyembwa, Dr Ronald Kwena (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Humanitarian aid green technology innovations, Climate financing and sustainable development in Kenya
Climate change has many humanitarian impacts such as drought, floods, landslides, extreme weather conditions requiring urgent response that cost billions of dollars. On the other hand, humanitarian aid responds to these crises with little consideration to dangers posed by materials used during response and poor waste management. These exacerbate the risks associated with climate change in the poor developing Countries including Kenya. This study argues that there is need for humanitarian aid agencies in Kenya to use green technology and innovations in humanitarian response and also improve waste management strategies by collaborating with private sector. There is need for government and Non-Governmental organizations to finance and implement climate change friendly policies. Climate financing could reduce climate change related emergencies and significantly reduce humanitarian operations in the affected areas in Kenya particularly in Counties located in Northern Kenya such as West Pokot and Turkana. According to Sustainable Development Goals report 2018 the rate of global progress has not been keeping pace with the ambition of vision 2030, necessitating immediate action by stakeholders as guided by Paris agreement, SDG 13 on Climate Change and Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. Also, UN Disaster Risk Reduction report stated that over the last two decades economic losses from extreme weather amounted to trillions of dollars. Financing implementation of Kenya climate ambition requires significant public and private finance. According to UNDP in 2020 an estimate of USD 40B was needed for the next ten years (2020-2030) to implement climate mitigation and adaptation action, so far little has been done. The research was conducted using integrated literature review with the aim to assess, critique, and synthesize existing literature on a humanitarian aid green technology innovation, climate financing and climate change in a way that enables new theoretical frameworks and perspectives to emerge. Findings indicate that there is need for humanitarian aid organizations to integrate green technology innovation in the humanitarian response in order to reduce negative impact on climate change in Kenya. In the absence of clear policies on climate financing the challenge of climate change still exists and is likely to challenge the Africa Union Agenda 2063. There is need for collaboration and partnerships among the government, counties, NGOS as well as private sector in order to reverse the climate change trend.
Climate change, Kenya, climate finance, humanitarian aid green technology innovation, Private sector
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Catherine Nyambura (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
A Synopsis of Green Energy Technology Implementation in South Africa
The implementation of green energy technologies in South Africa represents a pivotal strategy to address the nation's energy security challenges, mitigate climate change, and drive sustainable economic development. This study critically examines the adoption, diffusion, and scalability of green energy technologies, focusing on renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower, as well as innovative energy storage and grid modernization initiatives. South Africa's energy landscape is notable for its reliance on coal, which contributes heavily to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental deterioration. However, regulatory initiatives like the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP) have accelerated the integration of renewable energy into the national grid. This qualitative study employs a document review methodology to critically analyze the implementation of green energy technologies within the country’s socio-economic and policy contexts. Drawing on a wide range of data sources, including government policies, energy sector reports, international agreements, and academic publications, the research explores the barriers, drivers, and impacts of transitioning to renewable energy systems. The study uses a thematic analytic methodology to find recurring trends and insights, with an emphasis on three key areas: policy formulation and execution, stakeholder collaboration, and the socioeconomic repercussions of green energy programs. The findings reveal a dual narrative of progress and constraint: while initiatives like the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP) have successfully mobilized private investment and increased renewable energy capacity, challenges such as policy inconsistency, insufficient grid infrastructure, and limited public participation remain. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the need for stronger alignment between green energy projects and the concepts of a just energy transition, particularly in terms of creating job opportunities, tackling energy poverty, and assisting communities that have historically relied on coal businesses. This research emphasizes the necessity of integrated, inclusive, and flexible policy frameworks for improving the scalability and sustainability of green energy technology. Through using document review as a primary data collection method, the study provides a nuanced understanding of South Africa's green energy transition, as well as recommendations to policymakers, industry stakeholders, and development practitioners to accelerate the country's transition to a low-carbon future. These findings add to the broader discussion of equitable energy transitions in the Global South, emphasizing the interplay of environmental, economic, and social concerns.
Green energy, policy, projects, South Africa, technologies, climate change
Copyright (c) 2025 Sifiso Vilakazi, Lerato Mzenzi (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
Sustainable human resource management practices in small and medium enterprises: A strategic imperative for achieving sustainable development in Zimbabwe
With the quest for sustainable development increasingly becoming a persistent concern for countries and organisations both globally and locally, sustainable human resource management (SHRM) has emerged as a vital strategy for achieving sustainable development. The study underscores the imperative of integrating SHRM practices in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) for the achievement of sustainable development goals in Zimbabwe. With SMEs in Zimbabwe facing a myriad of challenges, the study was aimed at understanding how SMEs may integrate SHRM practices into their businesses. Grounded in the Resource Based View (RBV) theory and the Sustainable HRM framework, the study contributes to the existing literature by providing insights into the ways of integrating sustainable HRM practices into Zimbabwean SMEs. A qualitative research approach was employed, where semi- structured interviews were used to gather data from 10 Human Resource Management practitioners and 12 Small and Medium Enterprise owners. Thematic analysis of data was done and the findings revealed that SMEs in Zimbabwe were aware of the importance of implementing SHRM practices, however, they faced several challenges. The study concluded that while SMEs face various challenges and have not done much in integrating SHRM practices into the business, they can gain significant economic, social and environmental outcomes from such an integration. The study recommends SMEs to develop sustainability strategies, align SHRM practices with business goals, prioritise and focus on key areas, seek external expertise and support; capacitate SMEs owners and employees to be key players in implementing SHRM practices; and prioritise stakeholder engagement and partnerships in order to effectively integrate HRM practices into their businesses. The study underscores the potential of SHRM practices in enhancing the achievement of sustainable development where priority is given to the well-being of both people and the planet.
SHRM, sustainable development, SMEs, environmental sustainability, social sustainability; economic sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Tendai Chazuza, Dr Tongesai Mpofu (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
EAC Policies Influencing One Health and Sustainable Green Development: Scoping Review and Framework
This The East African Community (EAC) has adopted policies that influence the integration of the One Health Approach and Sustainable Green Development. This study aims to develop a framework that describes several policies through which the One Health approach influences sustainable green development within the EAC region. We carried out a scoping review to identify policies using the One Health and Sustainable Green Development (OHSGD) terms (n = 14) published and implemented prior to December 20, 2024, that discusses One Health and Sustainable Green Development aspects across all the 8 member states of EAC. We used the qualitative constant comparative technique to inductively code descriptions and examples of the One Health approach aspects within these policies, arrange the aspects into descriptive domains, and generate an overreaching framework. The resulting One Health Approach influence on sustainable green development across EAC countries identifies four areas of the One Health Approach that can influence sustainable green development in EAC. These areas are grouped into four influence categories: (1) integrated health and environmental management, (2) climate change mitigation and adaption, (3) sustainable agriculture practices, and (4) strengthening multisectoral collaboration. We propose a framework that positions these categories according to their relevance to sustainable green development outcomes and highlights two critical focus areas for assessing the impact of the One Health Approach in EAC: (1) government and policy-driven interventions to health and environmental outcomes and (2) the extent to which these interventions address equity and sustainability concerns across diverse population groups.
One Health, Sustainable Green Development, EAC, Africa
Copyright (c) 2025 Nibaruta Arnaud Michel, Dr Jack Bwalya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Special feature editorial: The challenging task of managing complexity and transformation continuum for sustainability
Special Feature Sustainability and sustainable development are challenging primarily because they cut across various spheres of life. There is a common view that sustainability involves various forms of change and demands the capability of managing complexity at the core of the multiple activities, processes and policies interacting to unlock sustainable development. Any meaningful attempt by market or non-market actors, such as government, to ensure sustainability needs to be grounded in capability to manage complexity and change at the intersection of sustainability economic, social and environmental domains. Managing complex interdependencies sustainably is a critical capability, and we must be mindful that the world exists as an ecosystem of businesses, governments, non-governmental organisations, and non-profits, interlocking in one way or another. Complexity is traceable to the Latin word complexus. Chan (2001:1) reveals that com- means “together” and plectere means “to weave” or “braid”. For example, the Just Energy Transition is not simply about green technology, green human capital, regulation and collaborative policy and mitigation of climate change effects but also complex interactions which include the role of energy storage to address the energy poverty of about 600 million African people who still lack access to reliable and affordable energy yet live on a continent blessed with abundant sources of green energy. Energy poverty in Africa exemplifies a complex issue creating barriers to social and economic development and human rights concerns. Thus, managing the complex interactions of policies, mechanisms for private-public partnerships, financing of green energy, and the necessity of developing sustainable human capital and building regional collaboration in Africa is pivotal to unlocking the full potential of reliable and affordable fruits of sustainable development. However, managing complexity without understanding the density of interactions between different components (agents, parts, elements, artefacts) regarding how to embed sustainability in the interconnected world is challenging. Placing complexity at the centre of sustainability compels us to focus not only on the elements but also the variety and number of “inter-relationship, inter-action, and inter-connectivity of elements within a system” making up the system (micro-level) and among different systems (macro-level)” necessary to get sustainable outcomes. Interdisciplinary solutions and institutional collaborations need to work cohesively rather than inisolated silos to handle the complexity of unlocking and implementing significant national and regional policies such as Just Energy Transition, One Health in East African Community, efforts for social inclusion in hospitality education in Kenya, and address inequalities to accessing sexual reproductive health in Zimbabwe to mention just a few. Another fundamental facet of managing complexity sustainably is the clarity on the type and magnitude of change required for sustainable development, especially for African economies with many small and medium enterprises on the market. Transformation continuum with radical change on one end and incremental change on the other conjures the thought of sustainability as an ongoing and dynamic change process rather than an event. Sustainability unfolds on a transformation continuum and brings to the fore the range between incremental changes (small updates) and transformation (significant shifts), which calls for recognising that both play roles in the pursuit of sustainability and sustainable development. The radical process with pervasive transformation or incremental change is relevant to innovative thinking and sustainability in African economies. In terms of the continuum, transformation can be brought about incrementally over time through smaller changes or radically in larger transformations, both of which result in transformative sustainability. It is prudent to think of sustainability in various forms of change captured on the continuum of disruptive innovation on the one hand and incremental innovation on the other. Change may involve modifying specific aspects in response to external influences or internal changes, aiming for incremental improvements. In contrast, transformation entails a profound, fundamental shift that redefines beliefs, values, and behaviours, often resulting in a complete overhaul of existing systems. It is also tempting to think that managing complexity in a sustainable manner is more meaningful if the various actors in the ecosystem are not guided by the outdated mantra of the business of business is business by Milton Friedman. Undoubtedly, Friedman&#39;s mantra has resulted in some unsustainable business and financing models over the years, which are characterised by excessive focus on improving the short-term performance of the organisation at the expense of important longer-term opportunities and societal issues. Integrating sustainability into business, organisational and societal practices can be challenging, but it is essential for the long-term success of people, planet and profit. Two issues are cardinal as academics and policymakers in Africa become enthusiastic about pursuing the challenging task of managing complexity and various forms of change on the transformation continuum for sustainability. First is which competencies must be developed among managers and key stakeholders to lead and manage complexity in a connected world. Second, sustainable development is inclusive such that managing complexity for sustainability should not exclude the transformative or incremental change for and by small and medium enterprises, which are the cornerstone of many African economies. It is time for sustainable development to not only focus on radical changes by large organisations and government. There is a grave need to adopt a multi-stakeholder and multi-pronged approach, embracing market and non-market actors with transformative potential and digital innovation value, such as Africa&#39;s numerous small and medium enterprises. Sustainability and sustainable development are complex but achievable through managing complexity sustainably in the interactions between the economic, social and environmental spheres of life to create various forms of sustainable change.
Copyright (c) 2025 Professor MacDonald Kanyangale (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
The Drivers of green energy consumption in East African Community
The study examines the effects of environmental policy quality, GDP per capita, quality of policy and institutional frameworks, regulatory effectiveness, population growth, electricity access, and research and development investments on green energy consumption in the East African Community (EAC). The study employed the FMOLS and CCR models for analysis. Data was sourced from the World Development Indicators (WDI) and International Energy Agency (IEA) for the EAC from 2000 to 2022. The study found that regulatory quality, quality of environmental policies, and access to electricity have a positive and significant long-run effect on green energy consumption in the EAC. However, the study also found that GDP per capita and the Quality of Institutions and Policies do not have a long-run effect on green energy consumption in the EAC. Given the global attention to Green Energy Consumption as a solution to climate change and to meet energy needs, this study discloses less studied drivers of Green Energy Consumption (as a proxy of Green Energy Transition), especially “Quality of environmental policies” in the EAC. Furthermore, most existing studies focus on renewable energy consumption, which includes solid biomass such as charcoal and firewood, while this study covers green energy consumption.
Climate Change, Energy Transition, Sustainability, FMOLS, CCR, EAC.
Copyright (c) 2025 Francis Muhire (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode